A primary source in the sciences is the first report of reproducible results and methods written by the scientist who conducted the research. Characteristics of primary sources in the sciences:
Note: Primary science research articles will still contain a literature review section that summarizes others’ research. This is an important part of establishing the novelty and credibility of the new research.
A secondary source in the sciences does not contain any new results found or produced by the author. Examples include a news report about a new discovery, an article that comprehensively reviews all research on a topic, or an entry in an encyclopedia about the human genome.
All references to the science information life cycle are based on the fabulous tutorial created by the University of California Irvine Libraries Department of Education and Outreach, "Find Science Information Online Workshop."
Sources cited (references and in-text citations) in scientific articles are often primary literature. To locate the full-text of a cited source:
Primary literature can be scientific articles (original research studies) published in scholarly journals.
Peer-reviewed scholarly journals and magazines related to science, social sciences and humanities. Easy search tools help you find images, videos, news, and books too! Audio files often included. APA and MLA citations provided.
Full-text magazines, journals, and other resources most of which are peer-reviewed. Wide range of subjects. A great place to start most research projects. Images and videos accompany most topics. Citations provided.
Contains peer-reviewed journals on nursing and health topics along with practical nursing care advice from professional magazines and evidence-based care sheets. Articles in CINAHL can sometimes be easier to read than those found in PubMed.
Academic articles from many trade and scholarly journals on nursing and allied health topics such as the identification, evaluation and prevention of diseases and disorders; dietary and nutrition services; and rehabilitation and health systems management. Citations provided.
Serious science. Peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and open access content covering scientific, technical, and medical research. Psychology journals included.